Alginate oligosaccharides (AOS) are small bioactive molecules derived from the degradation of alginic acid from brown algae. They can activate the plant immune system, induce defense signaling substances such as salicylic acid and jasmonic acid, and enhance the activities of defense enzymes including SOD and POD, thereby improving disease resistance and stress tolerance. AOS also promote root growth, nutrient uptake, and photosynthesis, while alleviating damage caused by salinity, drought, low temperature, and phytotoxicity. As a green biostimulant, AOS combine immune induction, stress resistance, and growth promotion functions.